Abstract
From “ÇÃR-TÃK” to “ÇARDAK” A Monograph on the Historical Semantics of the Word
The emergence of this study began with the examination of the Byzantine-Ottoman transition, which was an important phase in the evolution of the Anatolian-Byzantine-Ottoman house. In the study, it was aimed to determine why masonry of both Seljuks who came from the Central Asia and settled in Anatolia, and Byzantines had been changed although the constructions which were defined as "Ottoman houses" have wooden frames. It was concluded that this change may had been triggered by the Great Constantinople Earthquake of 1509, called the “Small Apocalypse”. This change took place in a very short time span. This could only be possible if Byzantium had already possessed the wooden skeleton system. In this study, a hypothesis in this direction was put forward and questioned. A Tahrire made by Tursun Bey in 1455 after the Conquest was reached in the study. Halil İnalcık worked on the Tahrir and published the findings of his studies in 2012. There were quite a number of "çardak houses" mentioned in Tahrir. These could have been wooden houses that came into play at some stage of evolution. In order to address this issue in detail and to prove the hypothesis, almost all pious foundations’ statuses, other written sources and Istanbul Kadı Registers of the 15th-17th century, were scanned. Results showed that the entire architectural structure, which was built using the timber frame structure coming from Bursa and formed by a four sloped roof built on four poles, and later its derivatives, were commonly called as "çardak" in the 15th century. In the 17th century, the " çardak " was seen as a galat, however the framed structures were rapidly entering the "Ottoman house" typology. Another important finding is that the "hayat house ", which is strongly used in the academic literature today, has no historical background.
Keywords
Çardak, Çar-t?ak?, Çatkı, Çatma, Hayat House, Ottoman House.
